Knowledge-base

Advances in AI have made voice cloning and deepfake video creation easier than ever, often without consent.

Companies adopting biometric systems must not have difficulties during enrollment.

Senator Shelley Hughes of the Alaska Senate introduced Senate Bill 2 (SB 2) on January 22, 2025. The bill was brought in light of increasing alarm

In January 2025, the Senate Rules Committee introduced Alaska Senate Bill 64. It is a thorough election reform bill that improves

Alabama House Bill 172 (HB 172) became law on May 16, 2024, and became effective on October 1, 2024.

Sen. Martin Heinrich (D-NM), Sen. Maria Cantwell (D-WA), and Sen. Marsha Blackburn (R-TN) on July 11, 2024,

Targeting the illegal use of AI-generated media, the Disrupt Explicit Forged Images and Non-Consensual Edits Act of 2024

In 2012, through Bill C-11, the Copyright Act was amended in Canada to offer protections suited to the digital era and the issue of AI-generated content.

The Canadian Human Rights Act (RSC 1985, c.H-6) provides protections, of human rights violations, to people in federally regulated sectors.

According to the Canada Elections Act (S.C. 2000, c. 9), the latest update was in 2019, specifically in reference to

Bill C-63, also known as the Online Harms Bill (the Act), was enacted in 2024 and aims to address harmful online content

The Intimate Images Protection Act (IIPA) was enacted in some Canadian provinces, including Alberta and Manitoba.

The Québec Civil Code has been in effect since 1994. It protects human rights, including personal integrity

New York enacted the Civil Rights Law in 2020. The law permits individuals, living and deceased, to restrict how their name

On September 19, 2024, Governor Gavin Newsom signed California Senate Bill 942. The bill is known as the California AI Transparency Act.

California Senator Aisha Wahab (D-Hayward) introduced California State Bill 926 (SB 926) on September 19, 2024.

A bicameral law called the AI Labelling Act of 2023 aims to specify when audio and visual output is created using generative AI or artificial intelligence software.

New York Senate Bill S5959D and Assembly Bill A5605C were signed into law by Governor Andrew Cuomo on

March 18, 2019, saw Virginia House Bill 2678 (HB 2678) endorsed by the General Assembly.

The Texas Senate Bill 751 (SB 751) became law on June 14, 2019, which criminalizes the activity of creating

The UK’s active response is part of a broader global effort to counter the deepfakes’ threats. As a case in point

The creators of synthetic media must be aware of the legal requirements and punishment of distributing false content.

Makers of synthetic media are required to make a clear and conspicuous disclosure that the media has been created by artificial intelligence.

Punishment will be decided by the California Fair Political Practices Commission (FPPC) for violations of AB 2355.

California AB 730 became law in 2019 and is aimed at combating the increasing issue of deepfakes, specifically those that can harm people

Governor Gavin Newsom signed the California Assembly Bill 2655, or the “Defending Democracy from Deepfake Deception Act of 2024,” into law on September 17, 2024.

California Assembly District Bill 602 (AB 602), signed into law on October 3, 2019, introduced a right of action in favor of people whose nonconsensual

Senators Chris Coons, Marsha Blackburn, Amy Klobuchar, and Thom Tillis introduced the NO FAKES Act (S.4875) in the U.S. Senate as S.4875 on July 31, 2024.

The United States House of Representatives introduced the DEEPFAKES Accountability Act on April 8, 2021.

On March 21, 2024, Tennessee Governor Bill Lee signed into law the first state legislation in the United States

Contain text, graphics, video, audio, or other digital content created solely or in part by generative artificial intelligence.

The UAIPA adopted in Utah will most likely determine future AI regulation in the U.S. In establishing the early disclosure standards

The breaches can cause felony charges, $50,000 fines, and a jail sentence ranging between two and five years.

It is aimed at damaging the reputation of the candidate or his/her chance to be elected.

With the further development of AI technologies, HB 1766 can undergo some changes to overcome new challenges.

According to the available information, the bill has not reached any further stage than it passed in the form of a committee.

Idaho is one of the first states to pass legislation against the manipulation of elections with the help of AI.

The legislation states explicitly that covering up the fact that the image was manipulated is not a defense.

Platforms on the internet that host such material may be legally pursued if they do not take down nonconsensual deepfake pornography when notified.

Illinois HB 4623, effective January 1, 2024, revises the child pornography law to include AI-generated child explicit images, criminalizing the production and distribution.

The contract should specify all the uses of the digital replica planned.

It is unlawful to circulate or make available an audiovisual work or sound recording containing an unauthorised digital copy of a person’s voice, image, or likeness.

Illinois Senate Bill 2117 (SB 2117) of 2025 establishes the Generative AI and Natural Language Processing Task force.

HB21 aims at the production and/or distribution of deepfakes which impersonate individuals viewed as participating in acts or delivering words that they did not perform.

It bans the unreported release of AI-generated content that fraudulently depicts individuals in political contexts. Both its production and release are governed by the legislation.

Although the act does not ban deepfakes, it proposes taking guidance from government-funded research for future policy.

Identifying the government agencies issuing identity credentials or holding information used to identify an individual

The CAIA prohibits the development or deployment of high-risk AI systems without reasonable care to mitigate algorithmic discrimination

This established a precedent for using the law against media outlets.

Online media sources are obligated to delete content identified as unreliable upon notification by Roskomnadzor.

The Artificial Intelligence Deceptive Practices Act was passed as part of the FY 2024-25 budget of New York state.

Identifying Outputs of Generative Adversarial Networks Act is a 2020 Act in the United States of America

Maryland State introduced Senate Bill 361 (SB 361) in January 2025 with the name “Election Law – Influence on a Voter’s Voting Decision By

In May of 2023, Minnesota passed a sweeping law aimed at the non-consensual distribution of deepfakes

The law targets distributors as well as producers of those materials. The bill focuses on the production and dissemination of manipulated digital media

Use of any form of multimedia material produced by artificial intelligence in electoral propaganda.

The TAKE IT DOWN Act (S.4569) focuses on non-consensual intimate imagery (NCII), most specifically on deepfake pornography.

Criminalizing defamation of an individual with the introduction of technology such as deepfakes.

A wide range of computer-related offenses is embraced by this law, including Cyber Attacks and hacking of government-sensitive data.

The individual’s.explicit consent is free for use by the organization to continue processing personal data.

Cybercrime policies are reshaping in Saudi Arabia in response to AI-created deepfakes ,Blockchain, and cryptocurrency scams.

Developers and platforms of AI must adhere to risk evaluations and governance requirements. People should be aware of their rights to information, explanation, and contesting AI-driven decisions.

There has not been reported public case law in Peru to date on deepfakes under Law No. 31814.

Most importantly, all content created by AI, whatever its topic, will be required to have a clear and prominent marker stating that it is artificially produced.

Kenya saw this new challenge coming early, incorporating protections against deepfake-based crimes into its Computer Misuse and Cybercrimes Act of 2018

Access to data without consent, which may involve changing media to produce deepfakes, is a crime under Section 76.

To guide the moral development and use of AI, the Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA) introduced the AI Ethics Principles

The Saudi Arabia Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL) was enacted in 2021 and came into effect in 2023.

Although the technology of deepfakes is the subject of focus in consideration, the language of the bill should be broad enough to include new technologies

The enactment of this Act was necessitated by actual-life cases of deepfake material surfacing during elections, emphasizing the need for this legislation as a matter of urgency.

Under the present DSA, platforms will be required to delete illegal deepfakes immediately once they are aware of their presence.

Platforms must respond swiftly to correction orders, and producers cannot publish false content that may mislead.

Russia’s Federal Law No. 32-FZ substantially modified the Russian Criminal Code, effective March 4, 2022.

The Federal Data Protection Act (Datenschutzgesetz, DSG), a domestic implementation of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Poland introduced the bill,The Criminal Justice Bill 2024,to address the growing issues of increasing deepfake technology

Its core aim is to safeguard people and the public against false information and misleading actions.

It should be mentioned that deepfakes made for amusement or satire are not specifically exempt under this version of the law.

In May 2024, SREN Law (Loi n° 2024-449) was passed to amend Article 226-8 of the French Criminal Code

it helps preserve the person’s rights by prohibiting the the creation and distribution of altered digital media.

The British government has introduced a bill to criminalize sharing and producing sexually restricted deepfake images without consent

Türkiye’s Law No.5651 for Regulating Internet Publications and Preventing Crimes Committed via Such Publications

South Korea revised the Public Official Election Act in December 2023 to particularly address the widespread use of deepfakes in electoral periods

This law’s purpose is to safeguard individuals’ personal data on the web and make sure that it is processed securely.

In order to control the processing of personal data and safeguard people’s privacy, the Personal Data Protection Law

Use of deepfakes relating to a person’s voice,likeness,or personal necessities express consent, or else it can be dealt with as harassment,identity theft ,or defamation.

Signed on May 21, 2024, the SREN Law (Loi n° 2024-449) seeks to improve the security and governance of France’s

China’s provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information Services, which was passed and enforced in January 2023

In September 2024, South Korea amended the Act on Special Cases Relating to Punishments for Sexual Offences

To update and streamline the laws relating to digital information and data protection in the United Kingdom

The Online Safety Act, passed in October 2023, contains significant provisions to counter a wide range of

The EU’s Artificial Intelligence Act, the first artificial intelligence law passed by the European Union,

As artificial intelligence and machine learning develop further, knowledge based authentication will not continue as a simple memory check

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is an agency of the United Nations mandated to develop standards and recommended

Passwords, PINs, and single-mode biometric checks are experiencing a rise in successful spoofing attempts, which include sophisticated

These templates compress raw images or recordings to extract only the most relevant features into mathematical models generated by algorithms

DNA biometric authentication means using an individual’s unique genetic code as an authentication method to manage access

Identity as a Service (IDaaS) solutions are cloud-based platforms that provide identity and access management (IAM) functionalities.

Fraudsters often try to pretend to be real users. However, minor behavioral variations, such as strange cursor manipulations

Doxing is an intentional assault by which an individual discloses and makes public personal information of another person to harm them.

Biometric secured authentication systems have changed the way verifications are performed using distinct biological features to identify an individual.

Identity spoofing in facial recognition occurs when an individual impersonates another person in front of a camera to deceive the system.

Facial Recognition Technology (FRT) is a crucial aspect in identity verification across Fintech and Regtech

A data breach occurs when sensitive data, like customers’ transaction history or (for example) logins, is stolen or wittingly or unwittingly leaked to irrelevant parties.

It is essential to start with the basics to understand what digital identities are.

Deepfake phishing uses an AI-generated fake audio, video, or image that is supposed to look like it was created by a person.

NIST stands for the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The National Institute of Standards and Technology is abbreviated as NIST. It comes under the U.S.

Retinal scanning is a biometric identification process that identifies people on the basis of their unique blood vessel pattern at the back of the eye.

The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act requires websites to clearly explain how they handle data. This helps parents manage their children’s information.

FPIR measures how often a biometric system wrongly matches an unenrolled person to someone in the database, particularly in 1:N identification systems.

Automated Biometric identification Systems use human features for Biometric identification such as Facial recognition, IRIS scan, Liveness detection, and age verification.

Equal Error Rate (EER) is the point on ROC Curve where False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) intersect and become equal.

Equal Error Rate (EER) is the point on ROC Curve where False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) intersect and become equal.

The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve is graph analyzing a binary classifier system showing trade-off between the True Positive Rate (TPR) and False Positive Rate (FPR).

False Non-Match Rate (FNMR) is the error rate in biometric identity verification tools that shows two identities belonging to the same person are flagged as a non-match.

False Match Rate (FMR) is the estimated error of a biometric authentication system in which it incorrectly matches two entirely different individuals and identifies them as the same person.

BPCER (Bona fide Presentation Classification Error Rate) is the false detection of a genuine user image as a fake one.

APCER in a biometric system is wrongly accepting a presentation attack as a genuine identification attempt.

FAR is the percentage error of a biometric identity verification system in accepting wrong identities.

False Rejection Rate is the frequency at which a biometric identity verification solution rejects a true identity.